Program In Science, Know-how, And Society Science And Expertise Research

It was only after Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman FRS former Chairman HEC filed a petition earlier than the Supreme Court of Pakistan and the Supreme Court intervened in April 2011, that the commission was spared from being divided up among the many four Provinces of Baluchistan, Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh. Being asked to decide on essentially the most fascinating entry is like being requested to choose on one’s favourite youngster, and I won’t do it. I find hundreds of the entries fascinating, but the entry defining heuristic, together with the assorted specific heuristics cross-referenced from it, describes ideas that have fascinated others sufficiently to be rewarded with the one two Nobel prizes ever awarded for purely psychological analysis. A heuristic is a rough-and-ready process or rule of thumb for making a decision, forming a judgement, or solving an issue, and we all use heuristics all the time.

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The algorithm has been implemented within the SymPIC code, which is designed for high-efficiency massively-parallel PIC simulations in fashionable clusters. The code has been applied to hold out whole-device 6D kinetic simulation studies of tokamak physics. A self-consistent kinetic steady state for fusion plasma within the tokamak geometry is numerically found with a predominately diagonal and anisotropic stress tensor. The state additionally admits a steady-state sub-sonic ion flow within the vary of 10 km s−1, agreeing with experimental observations and analytical calculations Kinetic ballooning instability within the self-consistent kinetic regular state is simulated. It is shown that high-n ballooning modes have larger progress charges than low-n global modes, and in the nonlinear part the modes saturate roughly in 5 ion transit instances on the 2% stage by the E × B circulate generated by the instability. These outcomes are in keeping with early and up to date electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations.

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A five-year review by U.S. officers has determined that Endangered Species Act protections for ocean-going salmon and steelhead that reproduce within the Snake River and its Idaho tributaries should stay in impact. Africa's migratory birds are threatened by altering weather patterns within the heart and east of the continent which have depleted pure water techniques and brought on a devastating drought. A new type of "phase transition" in water was first proposed 30 years ago in a study by researchers from Boston University. Because the transition has been predicted to occur at supercooled circumstances, nonetheless, confirming ... A staff of researchers affiliated with a quantity of institutions in Brazil, working with one colleague from Spain and another from the united states, has discovered evidence that suggests ants can be utilized as a natural pesticide for a extensive variety ...

In 1990, the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission launched the first, and regionally designed, a communication satellite, Badr-1, from Xichang Satellite Launch Center of the People's Republic of China. With the launch, Pakistan grew to become the primary Muslim majority country to have developed a synthetic robotic satellite tv for pc, and was the second South Asian state to have launched its satellite, second to India. In 1961, worldwide achievements first recorded in 1961 when Pakistan became the third Asian nation and tenth on the earth when the Rehbar-I – a solid gas expendable rocket— was launched from Sonmani Spaceport.

The aftermath of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan Winter War was that President Bhutto increased scientific funding by the Government by more than 200%, principally devoted to navy research and improvement. Bhutto, with the assistance of his Science Adviser Dr. Salam, gathered lots of of Pakistani scientists working abroad to develop what became Pakistan's atom bomb. This crash programme was directed at first by Dr. Abdus Salam till 1974, after which directed and led by Dr. Munir Ahmad Khan from 1974 till 1991.

Science basically is the systematic research of the construction and behavior of the natural and physical world by way of observations and experiments. Despite the turbulence attributable to the legal battle being waged because the 2011 constitutional modification discussed above, the number of degree-awarding establishments continues to develop throughout the nation, both within the non-public and public sectors. University student rolls have continued to rise, from zero.28 million in 2001 to 0.forty seven million in 2005 and more than 1.2 million in 2014. In 2011–2012, the HEC found itself on the purpose of dissolution within the face of the 18th amendment to the Constitution, which devolved a quantity of governance capabilities to provincial governments, including that of higher schooling.

In 2005, the United States Agency for International Development joined with the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan to support the joint Pakistan-U.S. This program, which is being applied by the National Academy of Sciences on the us side, is intended to extend the power and breadth of cooperation and linkages between Pakistan scientists and establishments with counterparts within the United States. In 2011, the government dissolved the HEC and the management of education was taken over by governmental ministries.